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490 BCE
480 BCE
470 BCE
460 BCE
450 BCE
440 BCE
430 BCE
420 BCE
490 BCE: A combined force of Greek hoplites defeat the Persians at Marathon.
483 BCE: Themistocles persuades the Athenians to significantly expand their fleet, which saves them at Salamis and becomes their source of power.
480 BCE: Cycladic states contribute to the victorious Greek forces against the Persians at the Battle of Salamis.
480 BCE: The indecisive battle of Artemision between the Greek and Persian fleets of Xerxes I. The Greeks withdraw to Salamis.
480 BCE: Battle of Thermopylae. 300 Spartans under King Leonidas and other Greek allies hold back the Persians led by Xerxes I for three days but are defeated.
480 BCE: Battle of Salamis where the Greek naval fleet led by Themistocles defeats the invading armada of Xerxes I of Persia.
479 BCE: Xerxes' Persian forces are defeated by Greek forces at Plataea effectively ending Persia's imperial ambitions in Greece.
430 BCE - 415 BCE: The Histories of Herodotus is published. The work is divided into nine chapters, each dedicated to one of the Muses.