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Government in Ancient Rome
Roman government revolved around the Roman Senate with its body of aristocratic citizens who distinguished themselves from everyone else with their titles, purple-striped togas, senatorial rings and even special shoes. Senators held the key...
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The Law Code of Gortyn, Crete
The lawcode from Gortyn, Crete was written in the 5th century BCE and is said to be the largest epigraphic text in ancient Greek (8 m x 1.70 m).
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France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...
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Architects of France's 1901 Law of Associations
The Law of Associations was adopted by the French Parliament on 3 July 1901 to limit the influence of Catholic teaching orders as the first step toward the formal separation of church and state that would follow in 1905. Of 16,904 religious...
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Logberg – Althing Meeting Place at Thingvellir, Iceland
The proposed location of the Lögberg (Law Rock) at which Iceland's Althing (General Assembly, founded by the Vikings in 930 CE) would have met until 1262 CE when Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule. It lies in Thingvellir which is now...
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Hammurabi and Shamash
Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receiving his royal insignia from Shamash. Hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as a sign of prayer (relief on the upper part of the stele of Hammurabi's code of laws). Louvre Museum, Paris, France...
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Athens Acropolis
The Acropolis of Athens. Dominating the acropolis is the Parthenon, built between 447 and 432 BCE in the Age of Pericles, and dedicated to the city’s patron deity Athena.
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Greek Bronze Ballot Disks
Bronze ballot disks used in Greek courts to vote guilty (a hole in the centre) or innocent (a solid centre). c. 300 BCE. (Agora Museum, Athens)
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Bronze Pinakia
Bronze pinakia - used to allot Athenian citizens their role as jurors. On the plate was inscribed the person's name, their father's name, and their deme (township). In the centre is a bronze ball from the machine (kleroteria) used to randomly...
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Ipuwer Papyrus
19th Dynasty copy of the Ipuwer Papyrus (known as The Lamentations of Ipuwer or The Admonitions of Ipuwer) in which a Middle Kingdom scribe laments the depths to which the country of Egypt has fallen. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, The...
